Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation
[Jul 1928 | Sep 1928 | Jul 1929 | Jul 1930 | Aug 1930 | Sep 1930 | Oct 1930 | Nov 1930 | Dec 1930 | Jul 1931 | Jul 1932 | Jul 1933 | Jan 1934 | Jul 1934 | Jul 1935 | Jul 1936 | Jul 1937 | Jul 1938 | Jan 1939 | Apr 1939 | May 1939]
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
3 Jan 1928 | No 10 Sqn | Formed |
5 Jan 1928 | No 99 Sqn | From Bircham Newton |
Aug 1936 |
Source - August 1936 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | Charles E H Rathborne | 25 Oct 1927 | Officer Commanding, DSO; later A/Cdre |
Flt Lt | 25 Mar 1928 | Engineer duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Francis C B Savile | 25 Oct 1927 | |
Flt Lt | 26 Mar 1928 | Armament duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Joseph S Nichol | 19 Nov 1927 | Signals duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Thomas E Drowley | 25 Oct 1927 | later AVM |
Fg Off | Capel S Whellock | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Fg Off | Fred Rigby | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Plt Off | James R Ackers | 17 Jan 1928 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John C Osburne | 2 Jan 1928 | MB |
Fg Off | John C Neely | 2 Apr 1928 | BA |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | MC, BSc |
Source - July 1928 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | Charles E H Rathborne | 25 Oct 1927 | Officer Commanding, DSO; later A/Cdre |
Flt Lt | 25 Mar 1928 | Engineer duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Francis C B Savile | 25 Oct 1927 | |
Flt Lt | 26 Mar 1928 | Armament duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Joseph S Nichol | 19 Nov 1927 | Signals duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Thomas E Drowley | 25 Oct 1927 | later AVM |
Flt Lt | William J Cleesby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Capel S Whellock | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Fg Off | Fred Rigby | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Plt Off | James R Ackers | 17 Jan 1928 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John C Osburne | 2 Jan 1928 | MB |
Fg Off | John C Neely | 2 Apr 1928 | BA |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | MC, BSc |
Source - September 1928 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | Charles E H Rathborne | 25 Oct 1927 | Officer Commanding, DSO; later A/Cdre |
Sqn Ldr | 25 Mar 1928 | Engineer duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Francis C B Savile | 25 Oct 1927 | |
Flt Lt | 26 Mar 1928 | Armament duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | 26 May 1929 | AFC; later AVM | |
Fg Off | Anthony C Evans-Evans | 24 Aug 1928 | Signals duties |
Fg Off | Geoffrey A V Tyson | 8 Apr 1929 | |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | William J Cleesby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Capel S Whellock | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John J Calger | 23 Dec 1928 | |
Fg Off | Fred Rigby | 18 Jan 1928 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John McM Wilder | 7 Jan 1929 | |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | MC, BSc |
Source - July 1929 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | Charles E H Rathborne | 25 Oct 1927 | Officer Commanding, DSO; later A/Cdre |
Sqn Ldr | 25 Mar 1928 | Engineer duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Francis C B Savile | 25 Oct 1927 | |
Flt Lt | Thomas J Desmond | 28 Apr 1930 | Armament duties; |
Flt Lt | Anthony C Evans-Evans | 24 Aug 1928 | Signals duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | William J Cleasby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Alphonsus M Reidy | 1 Nov 1929 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Harold A Murton | 26 Nov 1929 | |
Plt Off | Eric A Biddle | 22 July 1929 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John B Gregor | 5 Mar 1930 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | Grade IV (Acting Grade III), MC, BSc |
Source - July 1930 Air Force List
Source - August 1930 Air Force List
Source - September 1930 Air Force List
Source - October 1930 Air Force List
Source - November 1930 Air Force List
Source - December 1930 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
1 Apr 1931 | No 10 Sqn | To Boscombe Down |
1 Apr 1931 | No 40 Sqn | Formed |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | George I Carmichael | 15 Sep 1930 | Officer Commanding, DSO, AFC |
Sqn Ldr | 25 Mar 1928 | Engineer duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Charles R Strudwick | 22 Oct 1930 | |
Flt Lt | Christopher N H Bilney | 3 May 1931 | Armament duties; later AVM |
- | |||
1 Airman Pilot | |||
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | William J Cleasby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Alphonsus M Reidy | 1 Nov 1929 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Harold A Murton | 26 Nov 1929 | |
Plt Off | Eric A Biddle | 22 July 1929 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John B Gregor | 5 Mar 1930 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | Grade IV (Acting Grade III), MC, BSc |
Source - July 1931 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
20 Oct 1931 | No 18 Sqn | Formed |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | William C Hicks | 1 Apr 1932 | Officer Commanding, AFC |
Sqn Ldr | Thomas F Bullen | 22 Feb 1932 | Engineer duties, OBE |
Flt Lt | Kenneth A Meek | 13 Oct 1931 | MBE |
Flt Lt | 21 Jul 1931 | Signals duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | Ronan L Sweeney | 8 Feb 1932 | Armament duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | William J Cleasby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Henry J Hunter | 8 Feb 1932 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Malcolm H Luker | 26 Jun 1931 | |
Fg Off | Eric A Biddle | 22 July 1929 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John B Gregor | 5 Mar 1930 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer | |||
Capt (Militia) | Herbert Meredith | 1 Jan 1928 | Grade IV (Acting Grade III), MC, BSc |
Source - July 1932 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
5 Sep 1932 | No 57 Sqn | From Netheravon |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Wessex Bombing Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | William C Hicks | 1 Apr 1932 | Officer Commanding, AFC |
Sqn Ldr | Thomas F Bullen | 22 Feb 1932 | Engineer duties, OBE |
Flt Lt | Kenneth A Meek | 13 Oct 1931 | MBE |
Flt Lt | 21 Jul 1931 | Signals duties; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | William N Blain | 17 Mar 1933 | Armament duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | William J Cleasby | 1 Aug 1928 | |
Fg Off | Henry J Hunter | 8 Feb 1932 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Warneford G W Prall | 1 Apr 1933 | later A/Cdre |
Fg Off | Eric A Biddle | 22 July 1929 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John B Gregor | 5 Mar 1930 | MRCS, LRCP |
Fg Off | John McGovern | 1 Jun 1953 | MB, BCh |
Education Officer | |||
Lt | John Whitley | 1 Sep 1932 | Grade III, MA |
Civilian Assistant | |||
Mr | T J West | MC | |
Warrant Officers | |||
WO | William F Lednor | 6 Dec 1930 | |
WO | Arthur F Moore | 21 Apr 1932 |
Source - July 1933 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Central Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | William C Hicks | 1 Apr 1932 | Officer Commanding, AFC |
Flt Lt | William A Harvey | 22 Jul 1933 | Engineer duties |
Flt Lt | Kenneth A Meek | 13 Oct 1931 | Engineer duties, Adjutant, MBE |
Flt Lt | William N Blain | 17 Mar 1933 | Armament duties |
Fg Off | 25 Jul 1933 | Signals duties; later AVM | |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Fitzgerald C C B Hichens | 24 Aug 1933 | |
Fg Off | 14 Aug 1933 | later A/Cdre | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John S Griffiths | 17 Oct 1933 | later A/Cdre |
Fg Off | Frederick W Judge | 4 Jul 1933 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John B Gregor | 5 Mar 1930 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer | |||
Lt | John Whitley | 1 Sep 1932 | Grade III, MA |
Civilian Assistant | |||
Mr | T J West | MC | |
Warrant Officers | |||
WO | William F Lednor | 6 Dec 1930 | |
WO | Arthur F Moore | 21 Apr 1932 |
Source - January 1934 Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Central Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | William C Hicks | 1 Apr 1932 | Officer Commanding, AFC |
Flt Lt | William A Harvey | 22 Jul 1933 | Engineer duties |
Flt Lt | Kenneth A Meek | 13 Oct 1931 | Engineer duties, Adjutant, MBE |
Flt Lt | Basil H Godfrey | 30 Jan 1934 | Armament duties |
Fg Off | 25 Jul 1933 | Signals duties; later AVM | |
Stores Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Lawrence H Hillier | 26 Jan 1934 | |
Fg Off | 14 Aug 1933 | later A/Cdre | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John S Griffiths | 17 Oct 1933 | later A/Cdre |
Fg Off | Frederick W Judge | 4 Jul 1933 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John F S Wiseman | 28 Dec 1933 | MB, ChB |
Education Officer | |||
Lt | John Whitley | 1 Sep 1932 | Grade III, MA |
Civilian Assistant | |||
Mr | T J West | MC | |
Warrant Officers | |||
WO | William F Lednor | 6 Dec 1930 | |
WO | Arthur F Moore | 21 Apr 1932 |
Source - July 1934 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
15 Nov 1934 | No 99 Sqn | To Mildenhall |
27 Nov 1934 | No 33 Sqn | From Bicester |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/Central Area |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Gp Capt | Richard B Maycock | 25 Feb 1935 | Officer Commanding, OBE; later A/Cdre |
Flt Lt | William A Harvey | 22 Jul 1933 | Engineer duties |
Flt Lt | Kenneth A Meek | 13 Oct 1931 | Engineer duties, Adjutant, MBE |
Flt Lt | Basil H Godfrey | 30 Jan 1934 | Armament duties |
Stores Branch | |||
Sqn Ldr | Lawrence H Hillier | 26 Jan 1934 | |
Flt Lt | Henry E Freeston | 28 Dec 1934 | |
Accountant Branch | |||
Flt Lt | John S Griffiths | 17 Oct 1933 | later A/Cdre |
Fg Off | Frederick W Judge | 4 Jul 1933 | |
Medical Branch | |||
Flt Lt | James Hutchieson | 2 Jul 1936 | MB, BCh, DPH |
Dental Branch | |||
Flt Lt | Victor H Weeks | 3 Sep 1934 | LDS |
Education Officer | |||
Lt | John Whitley | 1 Sep 1932 | Grade III, MA |
Civilian Assistant | |||
Mr | T J West | MC | |
Warrant Officers | |||
WO | William F Lednor | 6 Dec 1930 | |
WO | Arthur F Moore | 21 Apr 1932 | |
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 |
Source - July 1935 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
4 Oct 1935 | No 33 Sqn | To Egypt |
7 Jan 1936 | No 18 Sqn | To Bircham Newton |
14 Jan 1936 | No 102 Sqn | From Worthy Down |
16 Mar 1936 | No 218 Sqn | Formed |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | ADGB/No 1 (Bomber) Group |
Lodger Units (No 3 (Bomber) Group): -
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Gp Capt | 3 Oct 1935 | Officer Commanding, DSO, MC; later AVM | |
Wg Cdr | E R Valsey | 1 Jan 1936 | Engineer duties |
Flt Lt | Basil H Godfrey | 30 Jan 1934 | Armament duties |
Fg Off | P F Foss | 6 Jun 1936 | |
Stores Branch |
|||
Flt Lt | A A Quayle | 11 May 1936 | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Sqn Ldr | E J Grout | 9 Mar 1936 | |
Plt Off | Frederick H Shutt | 2 Aug 1935 | |
Medical Branch |
|||
Fg Off | E H E Cross | 3 Jun 1936 | LMSSA |
Dental Branch |
|||
Flt Lt | Victor H Weeks | 3 Sep 1934 | LDS |
Education Officer |
|||
Lt Cdr | G W Whittaker | 1 Jan 1936 | Grade III, DSO, MA, late RNVR |
Civilian Assistants |
|||
Mr | T J West | MC | |
Lt | A G D Alderson | Adjutant, late RAF | |
Civilian Stores Officer |
|||
Fg Off | E W Husband | late RAF | |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | William F Lednor | 6 Dec 1930 | |
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | R L Bell | 20 Apr 1936 | |
WO | C Hartley | 27 Apr 1936 |
Source - July 1936 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
3 Sep 1936 | No 58 Sqn | To Driffield |
3 Sep 1936 | No 215 Sqn | To Driffield |
7 Sep 1936 | No 18 Sqn | From Bircham Newton |
15 Mar 1937 | No 226 Sqn | Formed |
16 Apr 1937 | No 226 Sqn | To Harwell |
18 May 1937 | No 113 Sqn | Formed |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | Bomber Command/No 1 (Bomber) Group |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Wg Cdr | J S T Fall | 4 Sep 1936 | Officer Commanding, DSC, AFC |
Flt Lt | J Goodhart | 24 Dec 1936 | Armament duties |
APO | N H des C Brouard | 28 May 1937 | |
Flt Lt | T J West | Assistant Adjutant, MC, late RAF | |
Fg Off | R F de R Read | Adjutant, late RAF | |
Equipment Officers |
|||
Sqn Ldr (Ret) | J Walker | ||
Fg Off | E W Husband | late RAF | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Flt Lt | B G Drake | 4 Nov 1936 | |
Lt Cdr (Ret) | H D Johnston | DSC, RN | |
Medical Branch |
|||
Flt Lt | R C H Tripp | 26 Apr 1937 | MRCS, LRCP |
Dental Branch |
|||
Flt Lt | Victor H Weeks | 3 Sep 1934 | LDS |
Education Officer |
|||
Lt Cdr | G W Whittaker | 1 Jan 1936 | Grade III, DSO, MA, late RNVR |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | A H Brown | 16 Dec 1936 | |
WO | R L Bell | 20 Apr 1936 | |
WO | A S Robbins | 11 May 1937 |
Source - July 1937 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
31 Aug 1937 | No 113 Sqn | To Grantham |
1 Jan 1938 | LRDU | Formed |
22 Apr 1938 | No 218 Sqn | To Boscombe Down |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | Bomber Command/No 1 (Bomber) Group |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Wg Cdr | J S T Fall | 4 Sep 1936 | Officer Commanding, DSC, AFC |
Flt Lt | L E Dowse | 19 Apr 1928 | Armament duties |
Flt Lt | R F de R Read | Adjutant, RAFO | |
Flt Lt | T J West | Assistant Adjutant, MC, late RAF | |
Equipment Officers |
|||
Sqn Ldr (Ret) | J Walker | ||
Fg Off | E W Husband | late RAF | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Act Flt Lt | F C Hayward | 21 Apr 1938 | |
Lt Cdr (Ret) | H D Johnston | DSC, RN | |
Commissioned Engineer Officer |
|||
Fg Off | F Wall | 30 Aug 1937 | |
Education Officer |
|||
Mr | J R Morgan | 1 Sep 1937 | Grade III, BSc, AMIMechE, AFRAeS |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | A S Robbins | 11 May 1937 | |
WO | J Mitchell | 23 Sep 1937 |
Source - July 1938 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
12 Jul 1938 | No 34 Sqn | From Lympne |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | Bomber Command/No 1 (Bomber) Group |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Wg Cdr | W A C Morgan | 26 Sep 1938 | Officer Commanding, |
Flt Lt | L E Dowse | 19 Apr 1928 | Armament duties |
Flt Lt | R F de R Read | Adjutant, RAFO | |
Flt Lt | T J West | Assistant Adjutant, MC, late RAF | |
Lt Col (Ret) | D St J Baxter | Indian Army, OBE | |
Equipment Officers |
|||
Sqn Ldr (Ret) | J Walker | ||
Pay-Lt | V F Williams | RN | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Act Flt Lt | F C Hayward | 21 Apr 1938 | |
Lt Cdr (Ret) | H D Johnston | DSC, RN | |
Medical Branch |
|||
Sqn Ldr | F E Johnson | 3 May 1937 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer |
|||
Mr | J R Morgan | 1 Sep 1937 | Grade III, BSc, AMIMechE, AFRAeS |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | A S Robbins | 11 May 1937 | |
WO | J Mitchell | 23 Sep 1937 |
Source - January 1939 Air Force List
Date | Unit | To/From/Formed |
23 Jan 1939 | LRDU | Disbanded |
2 Mar 1939 | No 34 Sqn | To Watton |
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | Bomber Command/No 2 (Bomber) Group |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Wg Cdr | W A C Morgan | 26 Sep 1938 | Officer Commanding, |
Sqn Ldr | A M Watts-Read | 11Jan 1939 | |
Flt Lt | L E Dowse | 19 Apr 1928 | Armament duties |
Flt Lt | R F de R Read | Adjutant, RAFO | |
Flt Lt | T J West | Assistant Adjutant, MC, late RAF | |
Equipment Officers |
|||
Sqn Ldr (Ret) | J Walker | ||
Pay-Lt | V F Williams | RN | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Act Flt Lt | F C Hayward | 21 Apr 1938 | |
Lt Cdr (Ret) | H D Johnston | DSC, RN | |
Medical Branch |
|||
Sqn Ldr | F E Johnson | 3 May 1937 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer |
|||
Mr | J R Morgan | 1 Sep 1937 | Grade III, BSc, AMIMechE, AFRAeS |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | A S Robbins | 11 May 1937 | |
WO | J Mitchell | 23 Sep 1937 | |
Supernumerary |
|||
Wg Cdr | 23 Jan 1939 | DFC, AFC; later A/Cdre | |
Flt Lt | 23 Jan 1939 | later A/Cdre | |
Plt Off | M L Gaine | 23 Jan 1939 |
Source - April 1939 Confidential Air Force List
County/Country | Command/Group | Units |
near Banbury, Oxfordshire | Bomber Command/No 2 (Bomber) Group |
|
Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
Station HQ |
|||
Wg Cdr | W A C Morgan | 26 Sep 1938 | Officer Commanding, |
Sqn Ldr | A M Watts-Read | 11Jan 1939 | |
Flt Lt | L E Dowse | 19 Apr 1928 | Armament duties |
Flt Lt | R F de R Read | Adjutant, RAFO | |
Flt Lt | T J West | Assistant Adjutant, MC, late RAF | |
Equipment Branch |
|||
APO | J F Brewis | 27 Mar 1939 | |
Sqn Ldr (Ret) | J Walker | ||
Pay-Lt | V F Williams | RN | |
Accountant Branch |
|||
Fg Off | P S Gee | 27 Mar 1939 | |
Medical Branch |
|||
Sqn Ldr | F E Johnson | 3 May 1937 | MRCS, LRCP |
Education Officer |
|||
Mr | J R Morgan | 1 Sep 1937 | Grade III, BSc, AMIMechE, AFRAeS |
Warrant Officers |
|||
WO | Harry S A Pitt | 20 Mar 1935 | |
WO | A S Robbins | 11 May 1937 | |
WO | J Mitchell | 23 Sep 1937 | |
WO | L A Littler | 26 Mar 1939 |
Source - May 1939 Confidential Air Force List
[Jul 1928 | Sep 1928 | Jul 1929 | Jul 1930 | Aug 1930 | Sep 1930 | Oct 1930 | Nov 1930 | Dec 1930 | Jul 1931 | Jul 1932 | Jul 1933 | Jan 1934 | Jul 1934 | Jul 1935 | Jul 1936 | Jul 1937 | Jul 1938 | Jan 1939 | Apr 1939 | May 1939]
This page was last updated on 08/07/19