Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation
RAF Yeadon Personnel and units
Nominal Roll of Officers: 27 Aug 1939
| Rank | Name | Notes |
| Flt Lt | R Burges | Officer Commanding |
| Plt Off | G T Dodgshun | Station Adjutant |
| Flt Lt (AAF) | T Mc M Boyle | Medical Officer |
| APO (AAF) | P A Womersley | General Duties |
| APO (AAF) | D M Crook | General Duties |
| APO (AAF) | G T M Mitchell | General Duties |
| APO (AAF) | M J Appleby | General Duties |
| Plt Off | A M Fletcher | Accountant Officer |
| Mr (AAF) | J R Newsome | Pupil Pilot |
| Mr (AAF) | G N Gaunt | Pupil Pilot |
Source - RAF Yeadon ORB
Personnel Movements: Aug - Dec 1939
| Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
| Mrs | Carby Hall | 4 Sep 1939 | Attached for duty as Officer i/c WAAF Detachment |
| Miss | Senior Smith | 4 Sep 1939 | Attached for duty as Senior Leader WAAF Detachment |
| APO (AAF) | G T M Mitchell | 7 Sep 1939 | Admitted to RAF Hospital, Halton, wef 4 Sep 1939 |
| LAC | R D Taylor | 12 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| LAC | J Blaikie | 13 Sep 1939 | Promoted to Act Cpl |
| Plt Off | G T Dodgshun | 14 Sep 1939 | Station Adjutant, promoted to Act Flt Lt |
| Plt Off | L H Clemas | 15 Sep 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Drem for Equipment duties |
| Cpl | Fairless | 18 Sep 1939 | Promoted to Temp Sgt |
| AC | Wood | 23 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| AC | Summerscales | 23 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| AC | Thornton | 23 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| AC2 | J B Flockton | 23 Sep 1939 | Attached to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| AC2 | Phoenix | 29 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 2 Wing, RAF Henlow |
| AC2 | Fitzpatrick | 29 Sep 1939 | Posted to No 1 RAF Depot (Non-effective) on admission to hospital |
| Flt Lt (AAF) | T Mc M Boyle | 30 Sep 1939 | Reported sick in SSQ |
| Flt Lt | O Scarborough | 2 Oct 1939 | Attached from RAF Catterick |
| AC2 | Woods | 3 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF St Athan |
| AC2 | Noble | 3 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF St Athan |
| AC2 | Williams | 4 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Ternhill |
| APO (AAF) | P A Womersley | 7 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 6 SFTS, RAF Little Rissington |
| APO (AAF) | D M Crook | 7 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 6 SFTS, RAF Little Rissington |
| APO (AAF) | G T M Mitchell | 7 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 6 SFTS, RAF Little Rissington |
| AC2 | W L Crowther | 7 Oct 1939 | Discharged from hospital |
| APO (AAF) | M J Appleby | 11 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 6 SFTS, RAF Little Rissington |
| Cpl | R W Smith | 11 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 6 SFTS, RAF Little Rissington |
| AC2 | G W Ellis | 12 Oct 1939 | Admitted to SSQ |
| Sgt | A R J Thorogood | 13 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 5 Wing, RAF Halton |
| LAC | J Cardle | 14 Oct 1939 | ACH-Telephobe Operator, promoted to Act Cpl |
| Cpl | G E Ingall | 14 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 1 RAF Depot (Non-effective) on admission to hospital |
| AC | J Greenall | 14 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF Locking |
| AC | F Hall | 14 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF Locking |
| Flt Lt | O Scarborough | 17 Oct 1939 | Ceased to be attached from RAF Catterick |
| Flt Lt (AAF) | T Mc M Boyle | 17 Oct 1939 | Resumed duties on ceasing to be sick |
| Pupil Pilot | J R Newsome | 21 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 8 EFTS |
| Pupil Pilot | G N Gaunt | 21 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 8 EFTS |
| LAC | W D Brearley | 21 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 8 EFTS |
| LAC | B A Rutterford | 21 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 8 EFTS |
| Cpl | Sinclair | 24 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 949 Sqn, Warrington |
| AC | T F Baxter | 24 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 944 Sqn, Hull |
| AC2 | C Oxley | 24 Oct 1939 | Admitted to Leeds General Infirmary |
| AC | F Parsons | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 1 SFTS, RAF Ternhill |
| AC | McKeswick | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 1 SFTS, RAF Ternhill |
| LAC | E B McColl | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 8 SFTS, RAF Montrose |
| LAC | E Johns | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 11 SFTS, RAF Shawbury |
| LAC | W Johnson | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Feltwell |
| Act Sgt Plt | Wileman | 25 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 14 SFTS, RAF Kinloss |
| Cpl | R P Turner | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| Cpl | J E Pape | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | G Oldfield | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | G W Earnshaw | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | A S Fletcher | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | G Lean | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | E Lightowler | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | G W Hart | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | S E Stockdale | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | H R Piper | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | G E Bradbury | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | K Wilson | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | A Thompson | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | E A Robinson | 26 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| AC | J J Eastwood | 28 Oct 1939 | Attached to RAF Turnhouse |
| AC | W Powell | 28 Oct 1939 | Attached to RAF Turnhouse |
| LAC | J Miles | 29 Oct 1939 | Posted to No 942 Sqn, Hull |
| AC2 | G W Ellis | 30 Oct 1939 | Discharged from SSQ |
| Cpl | C Meggison | 31 Oct 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Marham |
| AC | F Hall | 1 Nov 1939 | Admitted to SSQ |
| AC | M J Thompson | 2 Nov 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, Drem |
| Cpl | J Blaikie | 3 Nov 1939 | Posted to MTD, RAF Halton |
| AC2 | C Oxley | 4 Nov 1939 | Discharged from Leeds General Infirmary and admitted to SSQ |
| AC | A Goodison | 7 Nov 1939 | Posted to RAF Leconfield |
| AC | F Hall | 7 Nov 1939 | Discharged from SSQ |
| AC | C L H Booth | 8 Nov 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Catterick |
| AC2 | R Fitzpatrick | 29 Sep 1939 | Returned from No 1 RAF Depot (Non-effective) on discharge from hospital |
| AC | J J Eastwood | 11 Nov 1939 | Ceased to be attached to RAF Turnhouse |
| AC | W Powell | 11 Nov 1939 | Ceased to be attached to RAF Turnhouse |
| AC2 | C Oxley | 12 Nov 1939 | Discharged from SSQ |
| Cpl | W A C Cox | 14 Nov 1939 | Promoted to Temp Sgt |
| Sgt | R F Martin | 14 Nov 1939 | Posted to RAF Waddington |
| AC | J J Eastwood | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| AC | R Fitzpartick | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| AC | W Powell | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| AC | McLevy | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| AC | Fothergill | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| AC | Wilkinson | 14 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Yatesbury for trade training |
| LAC | L Seed | 14 Nov 1939 | Posted to RAF Silloth |
| AC2 | G W Ellis | 15 Nov 1939 | Admitted to RAF Hospital, Cranwell |
| AC2 | J B Flockton | 16 Nov 1939 | Ceased to be attached to No 609 Sqn, RAF Catterick |
| AC | F Bottomley | 24 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Uxbridge |
| AC | W Swift | 24 Nov 1939 | Attached to RAF Uxbridge |
| AC | S Waterson | 24 Nov 1939 | Admitted to SSQ |
| LAC | J Connell | 29 Nov 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 12 SFTS, RAF Grantham |
| AC | S Waterson | 29 Nov 1939 | Discharged from SSQ |
| LAC | E Heppenstall | 30 Nov 1939 | Arrived on posting from RAF Newark |
| AC | F Bottomley | 2 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached to RAF Uxbridge |
| AC | W Swift | 2 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached to RAF Uxbridge |
| Flt Sgt | O Finch | 3 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | Rock | 3 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | Douglas | 3 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| LAC | W Cummins | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| LAC | F Locker | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | W S Edwards | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | G A Hudson | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | J S Crisp | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC | R W Diss | 6 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| AC2 | G W Ellis | 6 Dec 1939 | Discharged from RAF Hospital, Cranwell |
| AC | T A Atkinson | 6 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 3 Mobilisation Pool, West Drayton |
| AC | G Greaves | 6 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 10 SFTS, RAF Ternhill |
| Sgt | A R J Thorogood | 7 Dec 1939 | Attached to Blackburn Aircraft Works, Brough |
| LAC | E Johns | 7 Dec 1939 | Attached to Blackburn Aircraft Works, Brough |
| LAC | F Parsons | 7 Dec 1939 | Attached to Blackburn Aircraft Works, Brough |
| LAC | Sherwood | 11 Dec 1939 | Attached |
| A/A | W James | 11 Dec 1939 | Attached from No 2 Wing, RAF Cosford |
| Cpl | E Taylor | 14 Dec 1939 | Posted to RAF Drem (plus 39 Other Ranks) |
| Flt Sgt | O Finch | 15 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | Rock | 15 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | Douglas | 15 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | R A Calton | 16 Dec 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF drem |
| LAC | W Cummins | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| LAC | F Locker | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | W S Edwards | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | G A Hudson | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | J S Crisp | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | R W Diss | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC | Garside | 16 Dec 1939 | Ceased to be attached |
| AC1 | T A Atkinson | 16 Dec 1939 | Remustered to Wireless and Electrical Mechanic |
| Sgt | Boddington | 17 Dec 1939 | Admitted to SSQ |
| AC | F Hughes | 18 Dec 1939 | Remustered to ACH u/t Torpedoman and posted to RAF Gosport |
| AC | L Patten | 18 Dec 1939 | Remustered to ACH u/t Torpedoman and posted to RAF Gosport |
| AC | Vooden | 20 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF Padgate |
| AC | Evans | 20 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 2 Wing, RAF Padgate |
| Flt Lt | R Burges | 28 Dec 1939 | Relinquished command of RAF Yeadon |
| Fg Off | J H Smith | 28 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 616 Sqn, Doncaster and assumed command of RAF Yeadon |
| Act Flt Lt | G T Dodgshun | 29 Dec 1939 | Station Adjutant, reverted to Plt Off on posting to RAF Harwell |
| AC2 | G W Ellis | 30 Dec 1939 | Posted to No 609 Sqn, RAF Drem |
| LAC | C Ramskill | 29 Dec 1939 | Arrived on posting from No 11 SFTS, RAF Shawbury |
Source - RAF Yeadon ORB
Unit Movements: Aug - Dec 1939
| Unit | Date | Notes |
| No 609 Sqn | 23 Aug 1939 | Embodied into the RAF |
| SHQ, RAF Yeadon | 23 Aug 1939 | Opened on embodiment |
| No 609 Sqn | 27 Aug 1939 | Moved to RAF Catterick |
| No 5 (West Riding) Company WAAF | 4 Sep 1939 | Attached |
Source - RAF Yeadon ORB
Personnel Movements: Jan - Dec 1940
| Rank | Name | Date | Notes |
| LAC | E Heppenstall | 1 Jan 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| LAC | J Connell | 1 Jan 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Plt Off | L H Clemas | 23 Jan 1940 | Equipment Officer, promoted to Fg Off |
| LAC | J H Howe | 1 Mar 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Fg Off | J H Smith | 7 Mar 1940 | Relinquished command of RAF Yeadon on posting to the Air Ministry |
| Plt Off | R W Hemsley | 9 Mar 1940 | Arrived on posting from RAF Acklington and assumed command of RAF Yeadon |
| Temp Sgt | W A C Cox | 30 Apr 1930 | Promoted to Act Flt Sgt |
| LAC | E B McColl | 1 May 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| LAC | E Johns | 1 May 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| LAC | Parker | 1 Jun 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 2 Jun 1940 | Arrived on posting as Officer i/c W/T Fitting Party |
| Fg Off | A J Sayer | 4 Jun 1940 | Arrived on posting for Flying duties with Station Flight |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 6 Jun 1940 | Admitted to RAF Hospital, Halton |
| Fg Off | A J Sayer | 13 Jun 1940 | Assumed duties of Station Defence Officer |
| LAC | Thomson | 15 Jun 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 16 Jun 1940 | Discharged from RAF Hospital, Halton |
| Plt Off | A M Fletcher | 17 Jun 1940 | Appointed Station Fire Officer |
| Plt Off | L H Clemas | 17 Jun 1940 | Appointed Station Gas Officer |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 17 Jun 1940 | Appointed Station Defence Officer |
| LAC | Johnson | 21 Jun 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Fg Off | S M Greig | 28 Jun 1940 | Arrived on posting from No 150 Sqn for Equipment duties |
| AC2 | G R Frear | 28 Jun 1940 | Died in Seacroft Hospital |
| LAC | G Ruthven | 29 Jun 1940 | Discharged on appointment to a commission |
| Cpl | Turner | 1 Jul 1940 | Promoted to Act (unpaid) Sgt |
| Fg Off | G Hutchison | 1 Jul 1940 | Attached from MTD, RAF Halton |
| Plt Off | L H Clemas | 6 Jul 1940 | Equipment Officer, posted to No 8 RSU, RAF Speke |
| Fg Off | H Halson | 12 Jul 1940 | Attached from MTD, RAF Halton |
| Act Sgt | Turner | 13 Jul 1940 | Promoted to Temp Sgt |
| Fg Off | G Hutchison | 15 Jul 1940 | Ceased to be attached on posting to HQ No 60 Group |
| Plt Off | A Willson | 19 Jul 1940 | Arrived on posting for Station Defence duties |
| Plt Off | A M Fletcher | 29 Jul 1940 | Promoted to Fg Off |
| LAC | Field | 31 Jul 1940 | Discharged on being found medically unfit for Air Force service |
| Cpl | Barham | 1 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Jul 1940 |
| LAC | Stevenson | 11 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl, wef 1 Jul 1940 |
| LAC | Darlow | 11 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl, wef 1 Jul 1940 |
| Cpl | E B McColl | 12 Aug 1940 | Killed in an air raid at RAF Hawkinge |
| Fg Off | A J Sayer | 12 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Act Flt Lt, wef 4 Jun 1940 |
| Fg Off | E Sankey | 14 Aug 1940 | Attached from A11 (1C), Air Ministry for Intelligence duties |
| LAC | Griffiths | 16 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| LAC | Parsons | 21 Aug 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Plt Off | R W Hemsley | 23 Aug 1940 | Relinquished command of RAF Yeadon |
| Act Flt Lt | A J Sayer | 23 Aug 1940 | Assumed command of RAF Yeadon |
| Fg Off | E Sankey | 24 Aug 1940 | Ceased to be attached from A11 (1C), Air Ministry for Intelligence duties |
| Fg Off | C M D Eales | 25 Aug 1940 | Attached from A1 (1k), Air Ministry for Intelligence duties |
| LAC | Marshal | 25 Sep 1940 | Promoted to Temp Cpl |
| Plt Off | J P Eskdale | 4 Oct 1940 | Arrived on posting for Equipment duties, wef 27 Sep 1940 |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 5 Oct 1940 | Station Defence Officer, admitted to RAF Hospital, Halton |
| Flt Lt | E J G Hill | 5 Oct 1940 | Attached for duty with No 4 Group CMO |
| Plt Off | P Hancock | 7 Oct 1940 | Arrived on posting for duty with MRFU |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 7 Oct 1940 | Station Defence Officer, discharged from RAF Hospital, Halton |
| Fg Off | C M D Eales | 12 Oct 1940 | Ceased to be attached and proceeded to RAF Thornaby |
| Plt Off | A Willson | 17 Oct 1940 | Discharged from Seacroft Hospital, Leeds |
| Plt Off | C H Kilpatrick | 17 Oct 1940 | Arrived on posting for Station Defence duties |
| Plt Off | G W Palmer | 21 Oct 1940 | Arrived on posting for Station Defence duties |
| Cpl | D P Holgate | 22 Oct 1940 | Promoted to Temp Sgt |
| Plt Off | G Palgrave Brown | 24 Oct 1940 | Arrived on posting for Station Defence duties |
| Plt Off | C H Kilpatrick | 25 Oct 1940 | Attached to RAF Ronaldsway for Ground Defence course |
| Cpl | S Baxter | 29 Oct 1940 | RAF Police, promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Aug 1940 |
| Fg Off | F Connor | 3 Nov 1940 | Arrived on posting from No 234 Sqn |
| APO | H S Coley | 5 Nov 1940 | Arrived on posting from RAF Stanmore for Accountant duties |
| Cpl | L Carr | 7 Nov 1940 | Clerk/Accounts, promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Jun 1940 |
| Cpl | J Howe | 8 Nov 1940 | Clerk/GD, promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Oct 1940 |
| Cpl | Cardle | 15 Nov 1940 | ACH/GD, promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Oct 1940 |
| Fg Off | A M Fletcher | 21 Nov 1940 | Accountant Officer, posted to RAF Grangemouth |
| Plt Off | R A Sutherland | 23 Nov 1940 | Station Defence Officer, promoted to Fg Off, wef 3 Sep 1940 |
| Plt Off | C D Gillin | 25 Nov 1940 | Arrived on posting from Grange-over-Sands for Equipment duties |
| Plt Off | A Willson | 30 Nov 1940 | Admitted to RAF Officers' Hospital, Torquay |
| Fg Off | S M Greig | 1 Dec 1940 | Equipment Officer, promoted to Flt Lt |
| ASO | S Wiles | 5 Dec 1940 | Arrived on posting from HQ, No 12 Group for Codes and Cypher duties |
| ASO | M M Bevan | 5 Dec 1940 | Arrived on posting from RAF Coltishall for Codes and Cypher duties |
| Plt Off | C D Gillin | 5 Dec 1940 | Equipment Officer, posted to RAF Church Fenton |
| Cpl | F A E Phillips | 10 Dec 1940 | Promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Nov 1940 |
| Act Flt Lt | A J Sayer | 11 Dec 1940 | Promoted to Flt Lt, wef 9 Sep 1940 |
| APO | H S Coley | 11 Dec 1940 | Accountant Officer, regraded as Plt Off, wef 11 Oct 1940 |
| Fg Off | R A Sutherland | 12 Dec 1940 | Station Defence Officer, posted to No 54 OTU, RAF Church Fenton |
| Fg Off | H V Caunt | 15 Dec 1940 | Attached from RAF Catterick for Station Defence duties |
| Fg Off | F W Ford | 15 Dec 1940 | Attached from RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey for Medical duties |
| Plt Off | G W Palmer | 16 Dec 1940 | Detached to RAF Catterick for Station Defence duties |
| Plt Off | J P Eskdale | 20 Dec 1940 | Equipment Officer, detached to RAF Wittering |
| Fg Off | H Halson | 21 Dec 1940 | Ceased to be attached on posting to RAF Yeadon |
| Fg Off | F W Ford | 24 Dec 1940 | Ceased to be attached from RAF Kirton-in-Lindsey for Medical duties |
| Plt Off | C E Eden | 26 Dec 1940 | Attached from RAF Digby for Administrative duties |
| Fg Off | F H P Connor | 27 Dec 1940 | Posted to No 59 OTU |
| Cpl | J D Watt | 27 Dec 1940 | Metal Rigger, promoted to Temp Sgt, wef 1 Dec 1940 |
| Fg Off | P G D Hancock | 28 Dec 1940 | Posted to No 1 Air Armament School, RAF Manby |
| ASO | G R Thornton | 29 Dec 1940 | Arrived on posting from Codes and Cypher School for Codes and Cypher duties |
Source - RAF Yeadon ORB
Unit Movements: Jan - Dec 1940
| Unit | Date | Notes |
| No 5 (West Riding) Company WAAF | 4 Mar 1940 | Disbanded |
| RAF W/T Fitting | 2 Jun 1940 | Transferred from Stapleford Abbott |
| No 4 Group Central Maintenance Organisation | 6 Oct 1940 | Formed at RAF Yeadon |
Source - RAF Yeadon ORB
This page was last updated on 18/03/25©